Waterston, J.M., 1944.
Citrus culture in Bermuda. Monthly bulletin of the Bermuda Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, (22): 21 p.
Abstract
One section of this bulletin (pp. 14-16) deals with pests of Citrus in Bermuda, of which the most important is Lepidosaphes beckii, Newm., though Dialeurodes citrifolii, Morg., and Aleurodicus (Metaleurodicus) cardini, Back, are very injurious (cf. R.A.E., A 30 557). Fiddlewood trees (Citharexylum spinosum) are favoured food-plants of the Aleurodids and should be eradicated. All three insects can be controlled by thorough applications of oil emulsion (1.25 per cent, actual oil). Crawlers of L. beckii emerge chiefly in late March and early April, late June and early July and late September and early October. The spray against this Coccid should be applied to grapefruit between 15th May and 1st August and to oranges between 15th June and 1st August; a second spray may be required between 20th September and 15th October. Oranges are liable to injury by an oil spray applied in late May or early June. The first pest that is likely to appear on newly planted trees is Aphis gossypii, Glov., which causes distortion of young leaves and water shoots on trees of all ages, but is usually effectively controlled by the parasite Aphidius (Lysiphlebus) testaceipes, Cress.; if necessary a spray of 1 pint nicotine sulfate in 100 gals, soapy water should be applied. The mature fruits of orange and grapefruit are disfigured by Phyllocoptruta (Eriophyes) oleivorus, Ashm., in winter: Tetranychus sexmaculatus[Eotetranychus sexmaculatus], Ril., which is most common on grapefruit, occurs on the lower surface of the leaves and causes spotting and defoliation: and Paratetranychus citri[Panonychus citri], McG., which is commonest on orange and tangerine, causes discoloration of twigs, foliage and fruit, sometimes accompanied by defoliation when heavy infestations are present in dry weather. The first two mites can be controlled by a spray of 5-10 Ib. wettable sulphur in 100 gals, water, and the last by the same spray with the addition of 11 oz. DN (dinitro-o-cyclohexylphenol), or by a spray of 3/4-1 per cent. oil. Ceratitis capitata, Wied., rarely causes serious damage to Citrus in Bermuda, but is occasionally found on sweet orange or grapefruit. A list is given of the other fruits it infests [cf. 30 557, 558], and orchard sanitation, the elimination of wild food-plants and the use of bait-traps and bait-sprays (cf. 30 557) are recommended for its control.
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