Silk-mediated queueing behavior in Cretaceous erythraeid mites
2026 - Volume: 66 Issue: Suppl pages: 146
https://doi.org/10.24349/uwtv-16gh
ICA 2026 - XVII International Congress of Acarology, 20-24 July 2026, Montpellier
Keywords
Collective movement
Silk thread
Spinneret
Fossil
Erythraeidae
Abstract
Collective behavior is a central theme in animal biology, with broad implications for ecology and evolution. Among its various forms, queueing where individuals move in a coordinated line is a particularly striking example. While queueing behaviour has been well documented in extant taxa and inferred from a few marine fossil arthropods, no fossil evidence has previously been reported from terrestrial arthropods. Moreover, the mechanisms underlying queue formation in fossil animals have remained entirely unknown. Here, we report an exceptional case of queueing migration in larval mites preserved in mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber (~100 Ma), representing the only known fossil evidence of queueing behavior in a terrestrial arthropod lineage.Importantly, this study provides the first direct evidence of the mechanism underlying queue formation in fossil animals. Two Burmese amber specimen deposited in the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (NIGP) at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing. One amber specimen contains thirteen mites (numbered 1–13), whereas another amber contains three mites and one fly. The ambers were sliced by a small electric saw and ground with sandpapers of different particle sizes, finally polished with diatomite mud. Images under incident and transmitted light were photographed by a Zeiss Axio Zoom V16 stereomicroscope and a Zeiss Axio Imager 2 light biological microscope with 20× objective. Confocal images were obtained by a Zeiss LSM 710 confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) under the 488 nm Argon laser excitation line and a Leica STELLARIS 5 confocal microscope under the 590 nm white-light laser excitation line. The mites from Burmese ambers studied here can be assigned into the family Erythraeidae. Remarkably, mite individuals within the queue are physically connected by fine silk threads, and the moment of silk extrusion together with a distinct silk-producing apparatus is preserved. Fossil silk is exceedingly rare, known only from amber and documented almost exclusively in spiders. Our material also provides the first fossil evidence of silk production in mites. These fossils reveal a previously unrecognized function of silk in arthropods, as a direct mechanical connector that stabilizes collective movement, indicating an unexpected level of behavioral sophistication in minute arthropods. We further propose that this silk-mediated queueing facilitated superparasitism and subsequent mate finding in larval mites.
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