Döker, Ismail ¹ ; Švecová, Lucia ² and Fenďa, Peter ³

¹✉ Cukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, Acarology Laboratory, 01330, Adana, Türkiye.
²Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, Bratislava, Slovakia.
³Comenius University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Zoology, Bratislava, Slovakia.

2024 - Volume: 64 Issue: 3 pages: 952-960

Original research

Keywords

Abstract

Introduction

Phytoseiidae (Acari: Phytoseiidae) comprise mite species mainly considered predators of phytophagous mites and small soft-bodied insects, such as thrips and whiteflies (McMurtry et al. 2013). Although a series of phytoseiid species are mass-produced and available commercially to manage the pests mentioned above, the determination of indigenous species is of considerable importance for achieving more effective biological control (Gerson 2014).

In Slovakia, faunistic data regarding the family Phytoseiidae come from several studies in above-ground vegetation floors, of soil fauna and finally from parasitological studies (fauna of nests of birds and mammals). A total of 57 species including synonyms belonging to 12 genera have been reported from Slovakia (Jedličková 1993, 2001; Jedličková and Kolodochka 1994; Kalúz 2008; Fend'a 2010, SAS 2024).

In this study, we provided a complementary description of Amblyseius bidens Karg, 1970 along with a discussion on the possible synonymy of this species and A. myrtilli Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009. In addition, we also reported Neoseiulus roumelioticus Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009 and N. tauricus (Livshitz & Kuznetsov, 1972) for the first time in Slovakia.

Material and methods

Mites were collected from soil samples (bulk of grass with rhizosphere, approx. 200 cm³) from xerothermic and subxerothermic herbaceous biotopes. The samples were taken during spring and autumn 2018 from several localities on Burda mountain (southwestern Slovakia). Soil mites were extracted using Berlese-Tullgren funnels and stored in 70% ethanol. Mites were separated and mounted using chloralhydrate based medium Liquido de Swan. The examinations of the specimens were undertaken with an Olympus® CX-41 microscope. Illustrations were prepared by using a U-Da drawing attachment, Camera Lucida. Final corrections were made using a computer program Adobe Photoshop (version CS6). Pictures were taken by using compound microscope Axio Imager A2, equipped with differential interference contrast (DIC) optical system and Axiocam 506 color camera (Carl Zeiss, Germany). The taxonomic system follows that of Chant and McMurtry (2007). Dorsal setal nomenclature is based on Lindquist and Evans (1965), as adapted by Rowell et al. (1978); ventral setal nomenclature is based on Chant and Yoshida-Shaul (1991). Nomenclature of dorsal solenostomes is based on Athias-Henriot (1975). Leg chaetotaxy follows that of Evans (1963). For each structure, measurements are given in micrometers and presented as the mean followed by the respective range, in parenthesis. The examined specimens are deposited in the mite collection of Cukurova University, Agricultural Faculty, Department of Plant Protection, Acarology Laboratory, Adana, Türkiye.

Results

Amblyseius bidens Karg

(Figures 1–2)

Amblyseius bidens Karg, 1970: 293.

Amblyseius myrtilli Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009: 57. Suspected as junior synonym.

Material examined

Nitra region, Burda Mts, Kamenica nad Hronom, Burdov (National Nature Reserve); 47.83234°N, 18.74084°E; 233 m alt.; 17 March 2018; col. P. Fenďa; leg. I. Döker, subxerophilous herbaceous biotopes in pastures; 5 females; slide SU6/18.

Diagnosis

Idiosomal setal pattern 10A:9B/JV–3:ZV (r3 and R1 off shield). Dorsal shield sclerotized, oval, without waist, smooth except a few anterolateral striations; with seven pairs of solenostomes (gd1, gd2, gd4, gd5, gd6, gd8 and gd9). Dorsal setae smooth acuminate, except Z4 and Z5 slightly serrated, and J5 with one barb. Peritremes extending to level of setae j1. Sternal and genital shields smooth; ventrianal shield pentagonal, reticulated anteriorly, conspicuously larger than genital shield, with three pairs of preanal setae and small rounded preanal solenostomes. Setae JV5 smooth and accuminate. Spermatheca with saccular calyx and nodular, c-shaped atrium, without neck. Fixed digit of chelicera with four teeth and movable digit with two teeth. Trochanter I with five (1 0/1 0/2 1) and genu II with seven setae (2 2/0 2/0 1). Leg I without macroseta; SgeII, SgeIII, StiIII, SgeIV, StiIV and StIV present.

Complementary description

Female (n = 5)

Dorsal idiosoma — (Figure 1A). Dorsal setal pattern 10A:9B (r3 and R1 off shield). Dorsal shield smooth except few anterolateral striations, entire, oval, without waist; with seven pairs of solenostomes (gd1, gd2, gd4, gd5, gd6, gd8 and gd9), and 16 pairs of poroids (id1, id2, id4, id5, id6, idm1, idm2, idm3, idm4, idm5, idm6, idx, is1, idl1, idl3 and idl4). Muscle-marks (sigillae) visible mostly on podosoma; length of dorsal shield 352 (350–355), width at level of s4 239 (233–245), width at level of S2 268 (265–270). Dorsal setae smooth and acuminate, except Z4 and Z5 slightly serrated, and J5 with one barb. Measurements of dorsal setae as follows: j1 22 (20–23), j3 47 (45–51), j4 5 (5–6), j5 5 (5–6), j6 5 (5–6), J2 6 (5–7), J5 12 (11–12), z2 11 (10–12), z4 7 (7–8), z5 5 (5–6), Z1 6 (6–7), Z4 88 (87–90), Z5 154 (145–168), s4 59 (54–62), S2 9 (8–9), S4 10 (9–10), S5 10 (9–10), r3 14 (12–15) and R1 9 (8–10). Peritremes extending to level of setae j1.

Ventral idiosoma — (Figure 1B). Ventral setal pattern 14:JV–3:ZV. Sternal shield sclerotized, smooth with three pairs of setae (ST1, ST2 and ST3), two pairs of poroids (iv1 and iv2); distance between ST1–ST3 62 (60–65), ST2–ST2 64 (62–65); seta ST3 and poroid iv3 on metasternal shield. Genital shield smooth, one pair of para-genital poroids iv5 on soft cuticle; width at level of setae ST5 68 (66–70). Ventrianal shield pentagonal, conspicuously larger than genital shield, reticulated anteriorly; with three pairs of pre-anal setae (JV1, JV2 and ZV2), one pair of para-anal (Pa) and a postanal seta (Pst), with one pair of small rounded preanal solenostomes located posteromesad of JV2; distance between gv3 pores 42 (40–45). Length of ventrianal shield 112 (110–115), width at level of setae ZV2 107 (104–110). Setae ZV1, ZV3, JV4 and JV5 and four pairs of poroids (three pairs of ivo and ivp) on integument surrounding ventrianal shield. Setae JV5 smooth, located on small platelets, and 69 (65–73) in length.

Chelicera — (Figure 1C). Fixed digit 27 (26–28) long with four teeth and pilus dentilis; movable digit 29 (28–30) long with two teeth.

Spermatheca — (Figure 1D). Calyx saccular, flaring distally, 25 (24–26) long; atrium nodular, c-shaped, attached to calyx without neck.

Legs — (Figures 2A–D). Length of legs (excluding pretarsus): I, 340 (335–345); II, 269 (265–271); III, 251 (245–255); IV, 323 (315–330). Chaetotactic formulae as follows; Leg I: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/2 2, genu 2 2/1 2/1 2, tibia 2 2/1 2/1 2. Leg II: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/1 1, genu 2 2/0 2/0 1, tibia 1 2/1 1/1 1. Leg III: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 0, femur 1 2/1 1/0 1, genu 1 2/1 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/1 1. Leg IV: coxa 0 0/1 0/0 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 0, femur 1 2/1 1/0 1 (av missing in the illustrated specimen), genu 1 2/1 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/0 1. Leg I without macroseta. Measurements of macrosetae as follows: SgeII (pd1) 32 (30–35), SgeIII (ad1) 35 (33–38), StiIII (ad) 26 (25–27), SgeIV (ad1) 71 (65–75), StiIV (ad) 55 (52–58) and StIV (ad3) 52 (50–55) in length.

Remarks

The original description of Amblyseius bidens by Karg (1970) was based on material collected from oak leaf litter in Elsterhang, Germany. This description was not very detailed, relying only on simple drawings and measurements of some dorsal setae, including Z4 and Z5. Amblyseius myrtilli Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009, described based on material collected from Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae) in northern Greece, shows an affinity to A. bidens (Khaustov 2020). Papadoulis et al. (2009) distinguished A. myrtilli from A. bidens based on the number of solenostomes on the dorsal shield (5-6 in A. bidens vs. 7 in A. myrtilli) and the number of preanal setae on the male ventrianal shield (4 pairs in A. bidens vs. 3 pairs in A. myrtilli).

It should be noted that the number of dorsal solenostomes might vary from one species to another in the genera Euseius Wainstein, Neoseiulus Hughes, Typhlodromus Scheuten, and Paraseiulus Muma. The taxonomic utility of dorsal solenostomes to separate species is validated by molecular studies for Neoseiulus Hughes and Kampimodromus Nesbitt (Döker et al. 2018; Khaustov et al. 2022). However, seven pairs of dorsal solenostomes are consistently observed in phytoseiid mites originating from soil-litter habitats especially for Amblyseius Berlese, Proprioseiopsis Muma, and Transeius Chant & McMurtry (Zannou et al. 2007; Khaustov et al. 2021). Therefore, we assumed that the number of dorsal solenostomes might not have been illustrated properly in a previous redescription of A. bidens due to the quality of the optical material used at that time (Denmark and Muma 1989).

Furthermore, the description of A. bidens by Denmark and Muma (1989) is the only available description that includes males of this species. It should also be noted that the setae illustrated by Denmark and Muma (1989) (page 135, figure 720), anterior and in line with setae JV1, have not been reported in any phytoseiid species until now (Chant and Yoshida-Shaul 1991; Tsolakis and Ragusa 2016; Demite et al. 2020; Kreiter et al. 2021; Ferragut and Navia 2022; Döker et al. 2023). Therefore, we also assumed that the setae illustrated by Denmark and Muma (1989) might not be preanal but probably setae ST5. In conclusion, we propose A. myrtilli as a suspected junior synonym of A. bidens.

Neoseiulus roumelioticus Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi

(Figure 3)

Neoseiulus roumelioticus Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, 2009: 87.

Neoseiulus roumelioticus Papadoulis, Emmanouel & Kapaxidi, Döker et al. 2022: 155.

Material examined

Nitra region, Burda Mts, Kamenica nad Hronom, Burdov (National Nature Reserve); 47.82655°N, 18.74652°E; 180 m alt.; 18. April 2018; col. P. Fenďa; leg. I. Döker; xerothermic herbaceous biotopes; 1 female; slide SU14/18; Burda Mts, Chľaba, Burdov (National Nature Reserve); 47.83127°N, 18.81612°E; 220 m alt.; 22. October 2018; col. P. Fenďa; leg. I. Döker; xerothermic herbaceous biotopes in vineyards; 2 females; slide SU101/18.

Complementary description

Female (n = 3)

Dorsal shield smooth except some patches of lateral reticulations or striations with five pairs of solenostomes (gd1, gd2, gd4, gd6, and gd9). Length of dorsal shield 334 (325–343), width at level of s4 162 (160–165), width at level of S2 188 (185–190). All dorsal setae smooth except Z4 and Z5 slightly serrated. Measurements of dorsal setae as follows: j1 14 (13–14), j3 20 (20–21), j4 15 (14–17), j5 14 (14–15), j6 18 (17–19), J2 22 (21–23), J5 11 (10–11), z2 18 (17–18), z4 19 (18–20), z5 16 (15–17), Z1 23 (23–24), Z4 47 (46–48), Z5 68 (65–74), s4 27 (27–28), S2 28 (27–29), S4 30 (30–31), S5 14 (13–15), r3 18 (17–18), and R1 16 (15–17). Peritremes extends to setae level of j3. Sternal shield smooth; with three pairs of setae (ST1–ST3); distance between ST1–ST3 66 (64–68), width distance between setae ST2 61 (60–62); genital shield smooth, width at level of ST5 62 (60–64); ventrianal shield pentagonal, striated anteriorly, reticulated posteriorly; with three pairs of preanal setae (JV1, JV2, and ZV2), and with one pair of small rounded solenostomes gv3, distance between gv3 pores 28. Length of ventrianal shield 114 (112–115), width at level of ZV2 97 (96–98). Four pairs of caudoventral setae (ZV1, ZV3, JV4, and JV5) on integument surrounding ventrianal shield. Seta JV5 smooth, 50 (49–52) in length. Fixed digit 27 (27–28) long, with three teeth clustered apically and pilus dentilis; movable digit 27 (26–27) long, with three teeth. Calyx of spermatheca bell-shaped flaring distally, 12 (11–12) in length; atrium nodular, narrower than base of calyx, directly attached to calyx without neck; major duct thick-walled, fusiform, vacuolated area where it joins atrium; minor duct visible (Figure 3). Chaetotaxy of legs as follows: Leg I: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/2 2, genu 2 2/1 2/1 2, tibia 2 2/1 2/1 2. Leg II: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/1 1, genu 2 2/0 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/1 1. Leg III: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 0, femur 1 2/1 1/0 1, genu 1 2/1 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/1 1. Leg IV: coxa 0 0/1 0/0 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 0, femur 1 2/1 1/0 1, genu 1 2/1 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/0 1. Leg IV with one sharp pointed macroseta, StIV 66 (65–68) in length. Other legs without macroseta.

Remarks

Neoseiulus roumelioticus was described from Greece based on the material collected from moss and low herbaceous plants in various locations in Northern (Macedonia) and Central Greece (Papadoulis et al. 2009). It was recently reported in Istanbul province, Türkiye based on the material collected from Asteraceae plants where it was associated with an unknown thrips species. We here provide the first report of this species for Slovak fauna. Morphological characters and measurements of the Slovak specimens are almost identical to the original description and the redescription from Türkiye (Döker et al. 2022).

Neoseiulus tauricus (Livshitz & Kuznetsov, 1972)

(Figure 4)

Amblyseius tauricus Livshitz & Kuznetsov, 1972: 24.

Material examined

Nitra region, Burda Mts, Kamenica nad Hronom, Burdov (National Nature Reserve); 47.83234°N, 18.74084°E; 233 m alt.; 17 March 2018; col. P. Fenďa; leg. I. Döker; subxerophilous herbaceous biotopes in pastures; 1 female; slide SU6/18.

Complementary description

Female (n = 1)

Dorsal shield reticulated laterally and between setae j6 and Z4, with seven pairs of solenostomes (gd1, gd2, gd4, gd5, gd6, gd8 and gd9). Length of dorsal shield 318, width at level of s4 160, width at level of S2 180. All dorsal setae smooth except Z4 and Z5 serrated. Measurements of dorsal setae as follows: j1 17, j3 15, j4 10, j5 9, j6 10, J2 10, J5 7, z2 14, z4 14, z5 8, Z1 14, Z4 42, Z5 60, s4 25, S2 22, S4 24, S5 15, r3 15, and R1 14. Peritremes extends to setae level of j1. Sternal shield smooth; with three pairs of setae (ST1–ST3); distance between ST1–ST3 62, width distance between setae ST2 60; genital shield smooth, width at level of ST5 62; ventrianal shield pentagonal, striated with some patches of reticulations; with three pairs of preanal setae (JV1, JV2, and ZV2), and without solenostomes. Length of ventrianal shield 108, width at level of ZV2 90. Four pairs of caudoventral setae (ZV1, ZV3, JV4, and JV5) on integument surrounding ventrianal shield. Seta JV5 smooth, 54 in length. Fixed digit 27 long, with four teeth and pilus dentilis; movable digit 27 long, with one tooth. Calyx of spermatheca elongated, bendable vase-shaped, swollen basally, then narrowing and finally widening distally, 30 long, atrium nodular directly connected to calyx without neck, major and minor duct visible (Figure 4). Chaetotaxy of legs as follows: Leg I: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/2 2, genu 2 2/1 2/1 2, tibia 2 2/1 2/1 2. Leg II: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 0/1 0/2 1, femur 2 3/1 2/1 1, genu 2 2/0 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/1 1. Leg III: coxa 0 0/1 0/1 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 0, femur 1 2/1 1/0 1, genu 1 2/1 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/1 1. Leg IV: coxa 0 0/1 0/0 0, trochanter 1 1/1 0/2 0, femur 1 2/1 1/0 1, genu 1 2/1 2/0 1, tibia 1 1/1 2/0 1. Leg IV with three blunt macrosetae, SgeIV 36, StiIV 23, and StIV 52 in length. Other legs without macroseta.

Remarks

Neoseiulus tauricus was described by Livshitz and Kuznetsov (1972) from Crimea. It was reported from Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, France, Greece, Hungary, Iran, and Ukraine (Demite et al. 2024, Tixier et al. 2000). This species is reported for the first time for Slovak fauna. Morphological characters and measurements of the Slovak specimen are almost identical to the original description and the redescriptions (Kolodochka 1978; Papadoulis et al. 2009).

Acknowledgements

This study was financially supported by VEGA grant no. 1/0702/23 and by Cukurova University Scientific Projects Foundation Units, grant number, FAY-2022-14495, study

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instructions