Markin, G.P., Yoshioka, E.R., Conant, P., 1996.
Biological control of gorse in Hawaii. Proceedings of the 9th international symposium on biological control of weeds, Stellenbosch, South Africa: 371-375.
Abstract
In 1926, again in the 1950s, researchers attempted biological control of gorse (Ulex europaeus) in Hawaii. Both efforts proved unsuccessful and a new programme was initiated in 1984 and completed in 1995. Four agents have been released and are established. The seed-weevil Apion ulicis, the only agent successfully established during the earlier programmes, is now established on two islands and is attacking up to 85% of the pods. The moth Agonopterix ulicetella, released in 1988, is established and is causing conspicuous defoliation. The thrips Sericothrips staphylinus, released in 1991, is established at all release points, but its natural spread through the gorse areas is slow. The mite Tetranychus lintearius was released in 1995 and is now established. A fifth agent, the moth Pempelia genistella, has been approved and is scheduled for release in 1996. Before considering introduction of additional agents, the five agents will continue to be monitored to determine if they will satisfactorily control gorse
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